Prevalence and Sensitivity of Bacilli and Pseudomonas in the Newborn's Oral Cavity.

The aim of this study was to isolate Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas from the oral cavity of hospitalized newborns (NB) and determine their prevalence and the sensitivity profile to most commonly used antibiotics for this age group. Samples from the oral cavity of NB from 24 to 48 h age were collected using swabs. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. For each strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using agar dilution test. Tests for enterobacteria producing extended spectrumß-lactamases (ESBL) were performed using agar diffusion. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Two of the isolated strains were submitted to the susceptibility test in biofilm. Of the collected samples, 8% presented Enterobacteria (mean of 6,141 CFU/mL) and no Pseudomona species was isolated. Positive samples were from NB in accommodation set or in the NB nursery. Enterobacter was the most prevalent genus and some strains were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and cephalothin. No ESBL strain was detected. Microorganisms in biofilms were resistant to all antibiotics, with concentrations four times higher than MIC. The presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity of newborns, especially some strains resistant to normally used antibiotics, warns to the need for care to avoid the early colonization of this niche and the occurrence of a possible hospital infection in this age group.

Prevalence and Sensitivity of Bacilli and Pseudomonas in the Newborn's Oral Cavity

Abstract The aim of this study was to isolate Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas from the oral cavity of hospitalized newborns (NB) and determine their prevalence and the sensitivity profile to most commonly used antibiotics for this age group. Samples from the oral cavity of NB from 24 to 48 h age were collected using swabs. The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. For each strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using agar dilution test. Tests for enterobacteria producing extended spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBL) were performed using agar diffusion. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. Two of the isolated strains were submitted to the susceptibility test in biofilm. Of the collected samples, 8% presented Enterobacteria (mean of 6,141 CFU/mL) and no Pseudomona species was isolated. Positive samples were from NB in accommodation set or in the NB nursery. Enterobacter was the most prevalent genus and some strains were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and cephalothin. No ESBL strain was detected. Microorganisms in biofilms were resistant to all antibiotics, with concentrations four times higher than MIC. The presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity of newborns, especially some strains resistant to normally used antibiotics, warns to the need for care to avoid the early colonization of this niche and the occurrence of a possible hospital infection in this age group.

Resumo O objetivo foi isolar enterobactérias e Pseudomonas da cavidade oral de recém-nascidos hospitalizados (RN) e determinar a prevalência e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos mais comumente utilizados para este grupo etário. Foram coletadas amostras da cavidade oral de NB com idade de 24-48 horas, usando swab. As amostras foram inoculadas em ágar MacConkey, incubadas e, as colônias contadas e identificadas. Para cada cepa, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada utilizando teste de ágar diluição. Testes para enterobactérias produtoras de b-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) foram realizados utilizando difusão em ágar. Estatística descritiva foi utilizada para análise dos resultados. Duas das cepas isoladas foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade em biofilme. Das amostras coletadas, 8% apresentaram enterobactérias (média de 6,141 UFC / ml) e nenhuma espécie de Pseudomonas foi isolada. As amostras positivas foram de RN de alojamento conjunto ou RN de berçário. Enterobacter foi o gênero mais prevalente e algumas cepas foram resistentes à ampicilina gentamicina e cefalotina. Não foi detectada cepa ESBL. Micro-organismos em biofilme foram resistentes a todos os antibióticos, em concentrações quatro vezes superiores ao MIC. A presença de enterobactérias em cavidade oral de recém-nascidos, especialmente algumas cepas resistentes aos antibióticos normalmente utilizados, alerta para a necessidade de cuidados, evitando a colonização precoce deste nicho e a ocorrência de possível infecção nosocomial neste grupo etário.

Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida / Infant growth during the first year of life

The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.

Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.

Infant growth during the first year of life / Crescimento de lactentes durante o primeiro ano de vida

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe and analyse the profile of growth in normal infants during the first year of life, including their patterns of weight and length, and the duration of breastfeeding METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted based on 85 records of infants who met the inclusion criteria. The total duration of breastfeeding was recorded along with weight and length at three ages: birth, 6 and 12 months. The data were analysed as Z-scores based on WHO (2006) using the software products MedCalc 12.0 and GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTS: Although 76.5% of the infants showed a growth pattern compatible with WHO references at 12 months of age, the others presented as overweight as at risk of being overweight. A significant correlation was observed between birth weight and BMI Z-score at two ages: 6 months (r = 0.26; p = 0.01) and 12 months (r = 0.32; p = 0.002). A correlation between birth weight and length Z-score was also found at 6 months (r = 0.4034; p = 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3309; p = 0.002). Birth length was also correlated with length Z-score at 6 months (r = 0.4829; p < 0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.3407; p = 0.0014). Breastfeeding duration did not show any correlation with anthropometric data at 6 and 12 months of age CONCLUSION: The growth pattern of the sample during the first year of life was found to be appropriate or faster than normal. Growth pattern also seems to be influenced by anthropometric characteristics at birth, which does not depend on breastfeeding duration.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil do crescimento durante o primeiro ano de vida em lactentes normais e suas relações com o peso e o comprimento ao nascer e com o aleitamento materno MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva com levantamento de dados de prontuários de 85 crianças que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Registrou-se com peso e comprimento ao nascer, aos 6 e 12 meses de vida, e o tempo total de aleitamento materno. Os dados de crescimento foram analisados em escores z com base na referência da OMS (2006), utilizando os softwares MedCalc 12.0 e GraphPad Prism 6.0 RESULTADOS: Aos 12 meses de vida 76,5% dos lactentes apresentavam valores de crescimento compatíveis com o referencial da OMS, enquanto os demais estavam em risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso. Observou-se correlação entre o peso de nascimento e o escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal aos 6 meses (r = 0,26; p= 0,01) e aos 12 meses (r = 0,32; p = 0,002) e também com o escore z do comprimento para idade aos 6 (r = 0,4034; p = 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3309; p = 0,0020). O comprimento ao nascer também mostrou correlação com o escore z de comprimento aos 6 (r = 0,4829; p < 0,0001) e 12 meses (r = 0,3407; p = 0,0014). A duração do aleitamento materno não evidenciou correlação com os dados antropométricos dos 6 e 12 meses de idade CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento alcançado durante o primeiro ano foi adequado ou acima do mesmo, sendo influenciado pelas características antropométricas ao nascer, independentemente da duração do aleitamento materno.(AU)